tough

/tʌf/

意味: 丈夫な、困難な

例文: Kai is tough enough to handle it.
　　  カイはそれを扱えるほど丈夫だ。

言葉のよくある組み合わせ: tough decision(難しい決断), tough situation(厳しい状況), tough guy(タフな男)

定義: 物事が難しい、または人や物が強くて壊れにくいことを指します。人が困難に対して強く、簡単に諦めない性格を持っている場合にも使われます。

toughは約20,000語に1回程度の頻出度です。

口語性、形式性、抽象度、感情度

水平グラフ: 会話での使われやすさ、フォーマル度、抽象度（具体・概念）、感情度を示します。数値が高いほど、その特徴が強いことを表します。

感情分析

レーダーチャート: 怒り、期待、嫌悪、恐れ、喜び、悲しみ、驚き、信頼、ポジティブ、ネガティブの強さを示します。

　年代別単語頻度グラフ

このグラフは、1900年からの単語出現頻度の推移を示しています。値は ×10⁻⁸ スケールで表示されています。

　

Definitions(定義)

Noun: someone who learned to fight in the streets rather than being formally trained in the sport of boxing
Noun: an aggressive and violent young criminal
Noun: a cruel and brutal fellow
Adjective: not given to gentleness or sentimentality
Adjective: very difficult; severely testing stamina or resolution
Adjective: physically toughened
Adjective: substantially made or constructed
Adjective: violent and lawless
Adjective: feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough’ is occasionally used colloquially for `bad’)
Adjective: resistant to cutting or chewing
Adjective: unfortunate or hard to bear
Adjective: making great mental demands; hard to comprehend or solve or believe

Parts of Speech(品詞)

Noun, Adjective

Examples(例文)

感情分析に使用された例文：

This exam is really tough for beginners.(この試験は初心者にとって本当に難しい。)
She has a tough decision to make today.(彼女は今日、難しい決断をしなければならない。)
The meat is tough but full of flavor.(肉は硬いが風味が豊かだ。)

 

Word Netから抽出した例文：

Adjective: a tough character
Adjective: a rugged competitive examination
Adjective: the rugged conditions of frontier life
Adjective: the competition was tough
Adjective: it’s a tough life
Adjective: it was a tough job
Adjective: the tough bottoms of his feet
Adjective: sturdy steel shelves
Adjective: sturdy canvas
Adjective: a tough all-weather fabric
Adjective: some plastics are as tough as metal
Adjective: the more ruffianly element
Adjective: tough street gangs
Adjective: my throat feels bad
Adjective: she felt bad all over
Adjective: he was feeling tough after a restless night
Adjective: had hard luck
Adjective: a tough break
Adjective: a baffling problem
Adjective: I faced the knotty problem of what to have for breakfast
Adjective: a problematic situation at home

Synonyms/Antonyms(類語/反意語)

Synonyms(類語): bad, baffling, bully, elusive, goon, hard, hood, hoodlum, hooligan, knotty, problematic, problematical, punk, roughneck, rowdy, ruffian, ruffianly, rugged, street fighter, strong-armer, sturdy, thug, tough, toughened, toughie, yob, yobbo, yobo

Antonyms(反意語): tender

Hypernyms/Hyponyms(上位語/下位語)

Hypernyms (General categories)(上位語): attacker, combatant, criminal

Coordinate Terms(同じ上位語をもつもの): accessory, ambusher, arsonist, avenger, beast, blackmailer, bludgeoner, bootlegger, boxer, brawler, briber, bully, butter, conspirator, defender, desperado, fencer, fugitive, gangster, gladiator, gouger, harasser, hell-kite, highbinder, highjacker, hood, iconoclast, jail bird, kidnapper, mafioso, marauder, mauler, moll, murderer, night rider, probationer, pusher, racketeer, raper, recidivist, scofflaw, shedder, skirmisher, slasher, smuggler, stabber, stoner, street fighter, thief, traitor, victor, violator, wrestler

Hyponyms (Specific examples)(下位語): bully, bullyboy, muscleman, skinhead, tough guy

Derivationally Related Words(派生語)

Derivationally Related Words: badness, bully, hardness, knottiness, problem, ruffian, ruffianly, ruggedness, strong-arm, sturdiness, toughness

Categories(カテゴリー)

Domain Categories: psychology

Usage Category: common

Usage Context: conversation, descriptive, education, emotional

Grammatical Notes:

comparative-er

Prefixes/Suffixes(接頭辞/接尾辞)

Prefixes(接頭辞):

Suffixes(接尾辞):

Exam Level

高校レベル

英検3級

Media Appearance(メディア登場例)

Books(洋書): Atomic Habits, Diary of a Wimpy Kid 1, Holes

Movies(映画): Finding Nemo, Zootopia

Other Information(その他)

Is Abstract?(抽象的な言葉?) No

Is Emotion Word?(感情的な言葉?) Yes

Emotion Categories: negative, sadness