foul

/faʊl/

意味: 反則、不正、悪臭

例文: Haruki committed a foul during sparkleball.
　　  ハルキはスパークルボール中に反則をした。

言葉のよくある組み合わせ: foul smell(悪臭), foul language(汚い言葉), foul play(不正行為)

定義: 何かが「汚い」や「不快な」ことを指します。スポーツではルール違反の行為を意味します。また、天気が悪いことや、言葉が下品であることも表します。

foulは約90,000語に1回程度の頻出度です。

口語性、形式性、抽象度、感情度

水平グラフ: 会話での使われやすさ、フォーマル度、抽象度（具体・概念）、感情度を示します。数値が高いほど、その特徴が強いことを表します。

感情分析

レーダーチャート: 怒り、期待、嫌悪、恐れ、喜び、悲しみ、驚き、信頼、ポジティブ、ネガティブの強さを示します。

　年代別単語頻度グラフ

このグラフは、1900年からの単語出現頻度の推移を示しています。値は ×10⁻⁸ スケールで表示されています。

　

Definitions(定義)

Noun: an act that violates the rules of a sport
Verb: hit a foul ball
Verb: make impure
Verb: become or cause to become obstructed
Verb: commit a foul; break the rules
Verb: spot, stain, or pollute
Verb: make unclean
Verb: become soiled and dirty
Adjective: highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust
Adjective: offensively malodorous
Adjective: violating accepted standards or rules
Adjective: (of a baseball) not hit between the foul lines
Adjective: (of a manuscript) defaced with changes
Adjective: characterized by obscenity
Adjective: disgustingly dirty; filled or smeared with offensive matter
Adjective: especially of a ship’s lines etc

Parts of Speech(品詞)

Noun, Verb, Adjective

Examples(例文)

感情分析に使用された例文：

The referee called a foul during the soccer match.(サッカーの試合で審判がファウルを宣告した。)
The room had a foul smell after the storm.(嵐の後、部屋に悪臭がした。)
He made a foul comment that upset everyone.(彼はみんなを怒らせる不快な発言をした。)

 

Word Netから抽出した例文：

Verb: The industrial wastes polluted the lake
Verb: The leaves clog our drains in the Fall
Verb: The water pipe is backed up
Verb: The townspeople defiled the river by emptying raw sewage into it
Verb: foul the water
Adjective: a disgusting smell
Adjective: distasteful language
Adjective: a loathsome disease
Adjective: the idea of eating meat is repellent to me
Adjective: revolting food
Adjective: a wicked stench
Adjective: a foul odor
Adjective: the kitchen smelled really funky
Adjective: a dirty fighter
Adjective: used foul means to gain power
Adjective: a nasty unsporting serve
Adjective: fined for unsportsmanlike behavior
Adjective: foul (or dirty) copy
Adjective: had a filthy mouth
Adjective: foul language
Adjective: smutty jokes
Adjective: as filthy as a pigsty
Adjective: a foul pond
Adjective: a nasty pigsty of a room
Adjective: with its sails afoul
Adjective: a foul anchor

Synonyms/Antonyms(類語/反意語)

Synonyms(類語): afoul, back up, befoul, cheating, choke, choke off, clog, clog up, congest, contaminate, cruddy, defile, dirty, disgustful, disgusting, distasteful, fetid, filthy, foetid, foul, foul-smelling, fouled, funky, ill-scented, loathly, loathsome, maculate, marked-up, nasty, noisome, pollute, repellant, repellent, repelling, revolting, skanky, smelly, smutty, stinking, unsporting, unsportsmanlike, wicked, yucky

Antonyms(反意語): fair, unclog

Hypernyms/Hyponyms(上位語/下位語)

Hypernyms (General categories)(上位語): change, dirty, dishonor, hit, obstruct, play, violation

Coordinate Terms(同じ上位語をもつもの): ace, acetylate, adjust, alkalinize, americanize, ascend, assibilate, assimilate, assume, backhand, backstop, bandy, barbarize, barricade, bid, blemish, blockade, boil, bounce, bowl, break, break into, brutalize, bunker, bunt, calcify, cannon, capacitate, carbonate, caseate, catch, catch on, change by reversal, change integrity, change magnitude, change posture, change shape, change state, change surface, clap, clinker, clog, collapse, come, come in, come round, commute, complete, complexify, concretize, conjugate, connect, convert, cool, copyright infringement, crack, cradle, crash, creolize, cricket, crock, croquet, cure, curl, dam, damage, darken, dawn, deaden, decalcify, decarboxylate, decay, decrepitate, deepen, defervesce, democratize, deoxidize, desalinate, destabilize, develop, die, digest, dim, discolor, dissimilate, distill, double, dress, dribble, drift, drive, drop, dry, dull, evaporate, exit, face off, fail, fall, fall for, felt, feminize, field, flip, flocculate, fly, fold, follow through, form, format, foul, freshen, fullback, fumble, gamble, gel, gelatinize, give way, glaze, go out, golf, gradate, ground, ground out, grow, gum, harden, have, heel, hole, hook, hush, hydrate, hydrolyze, ice up, incandesce, indurate, industrialize, introject, ionize, isomerize, keratinize, kill, land up, leave, liberalize, lighten, line up, loft, make, mature, mellow, mire, misplay, modernize, modify, mold, move, muddy, mutate, narrow, normalize, obsolesce, occult, opacify, oxidise, oxidize, pall, pass, patent infringement, pitch, plasticize, play, play out, pollute, pop, prim, professionalize, promote, pull, purify, put out, putt, quarterback, racket, recede, receive, recombine, reflate, regenerate, regress, rejuvenate, relax, reorient, replay, repress, resume, reticulate, revoke, rise, roll, salinate, saponify, screen, separate, sequester, settle, shade, shallow, shank, shear, shell, shift, shoot, single, slice, slime, smash, smear, smoothen, snap, snick, snooker, soften, solarize, splash, spot, stabilize, stagnate, start, steepen, stiffen, stratify, strengthen, sublime, suburbanize, suffocate, suffuse, superannuate, swing, synthesize, tee off, teeter-totter, tie up, tighten, toe, top, transaminate, transform, transpire, triple, turn, turn on, ulcerate, unblock, undercut, undergo, undulate, vascularize, vesiculate, vitrify, volley, vulcanize, walk, warm, warm up, whang

Hyponyms (Specific examples)(下位語): crap up, foul ball, foul out, gum up, hack, infect, personal foul, silt up, stuff, technical foul

Derivationally Related Words(派生語)

Derivationally Related Words: backup, befoulment, clog, congestion, congestive, contaminant, contamination, contaminative, defilement, defiler, disgustingness, distastefulness, fetidness, filth, filthiness, foul, foulness, loathsomeness, macula, maculation, nastiness, noisomeness, pollutant, polluter, pollution, repel, skank, smell, smut, smuttiness, wickedness

Categories(カテゴリー)

Domain Categories: general

Usage Category: literary

Usage Context: descriptive

Grammatical Notes:
intransitive verb, transitive verb

Prefixes/Suffixes(接頭辞/接尾辞)

Prefixes(接頭辞):

Suffixes(接尾辞):

Exam Level

Media Appearance(メディア登場例)

Books(洋書): Atomic Habits, Holes

Movies(映画): Frozen

Other Information(その他)

Is Abstract?(抽象的な言葉?) No

Is Emotion Word?(感情的な言葉?) Yes

Emotion Categories: anger, disgust, fear, negative