sham

/ʃæm/

意味: にせ物、偽物

例文: The “golden cake” was a sham.
　　  「黄金ケーキ」は偽物だった。

言葉のよくある組み合わせ: sham marriage(偽装結婚), sham company(偽会社), sham promise(偽約束)

定義: 偽りや偽造を意味する言葉です。何かが本物のように見えるが、実際には偽物であることを指します。例えば、偽の製品や偽の感情などに使われます。人をだますために使われることが多いです。

shamは約400,000語に1回程度の頻出度です。

口語性、形式性、抽象度、感情度 - 横向き棒グラフ

水平グラフ: 会話での使われやすさ、フォーマル度、抽象度（具体・概念）、感情度を示します。数値が高いほど、その特徴が強いことを表します。

感情分析 レーダーチャート

感情グラフ: 怒り、期待、嫌悪、恐れ、喜び、悲しみ、驚き、信頼、ポジティブ、ネガティブの強さを示します。

Definitions(定義)

Noun: something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be
Noun: a person who makes deceitful pretenses
Verb: make a pretence of
Verb: make believe with the intent to deceive
Adjective: adopted in order to deceive

Parts of Speech(品詞)

Noun, Verb, Adjective

Examples(例文)

感情分析に使用された例文：

The painting was revealed to be a sham.(その絵は偽物だと判明した。)
He sold a sham product that broke immediately.(彼はすぐ壊れる偽物の商品を売った。)
Their apology felt like a complete sham.(彼らの謝罪はまったくの偽りに感じた。)

 

Word Netから抽出した例文：

Verb: She assumed indifference, even though she was seething with anger
Verb: he feigned sleep
Verb: He feigned that he was ill
Verb: He shammed a headache
Adjective: an assumed name
Adjective: an assumed cheerfulness
Adjective: a fictitious address
Adjective: fictive sympathy
Adjective: a pretended interest
Adjective: a put-on childish voice
Adjective: sham modesty

Synonyms/Antonyms(類語/反意語)

Synonyms(類語): affect, assume, assumed, dissemble, fake, faker, false, feign, fictitious, fictive, fraud, imposter, impostor, postiche, pretend, pretended, pretender, pseud, pseudo, put on, role player, sham, shammer, simulate

Antonyms(反意語):

Hypernyms/Hyponyms(上位語/下位語)

Hypernyms (General categories)(上位語): deceiver, dissemble, imitation, misrepresent

Coordinate Terms(同じ上位語をもつもの): bluffer, counterfeit, decoy, dodger, double-crosser, embezzler, fake, falsifier, falsify, feign, finagler, forger, fortune hunter, front man, hypocrite, impersonator, imposter, liar, misleader, mountebank, obscurantist, sandbagger, sentimentalize, simulate, swindler, two-timer, utterer

Hyponyms (Specific examples)(下位語): fake book, feint, mouth, name dropper, play, play possum, potemkin village, ringer, take a dive, talk through one’s hat

Derivationally Related Words(派生語)

Derivationally Related Words: dissembler, dissembling, fake, falseness, feigning, fiction, pretend, pretender, pretending, pretense, sham, shammer, simulation

Categories(カテゴリー)

Domain Categories: general

Usage Category: literary

Usage Context: descriptive

Grammatical Notes:
intransitive verb, transitive verb

Prefixes/Suffixes(接頭辞/接尾辞)

Prefixes(接頭辞):

Suffixes(接尾辞):

Exam Level

英検1級

Media Appearance(メディア登場例)

Books(洋書): Atomic Habits

Movies(映画):

Other Information(その他)

Is Abstract?(抽象的な言葉?) No

Is Emotion Word?(感情的な言葉?) Yes

Emotion Categories: anger, disgust, negative