Theme: image memorability, intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, visual distinctiveness, observer behavior
Questions
Reading Passage:
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Effects on Image Memorability
Previous studies have identified that images carry the attribute of memorability, a predictive value of whether a novel image will be later remembered or forgotten. Here we investigate the interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect image memorability. First, we find that intrinsic differences in memorability exist at a finer-grained scale than previously documented. Second, we test two extrinsic factors: image context and observer behavior.
Building on prior findings that images distinct with respect to their context are better remembered, we propose an information-theoretic model of image distinctiveness. Our model can automatically predict how changes in context change the memorability of natural images. In addition to context, we study a second extrinsic factor: where an observer looks while memorizing an image. Eye movements provide additional information that can predict whether an image will be remembered on a trial-by-trial basis. By considering both intrinsic and extrinsic effects on memorability, we arrive at a more complete and fine-grained model of image memorability than previously available.
Recent work on image memorability has shown that certain images are consistently remembered and others forgotten, independent of the observer. This suggests that memorability is an intrinsic property of images that can be estimated using computer vision features. These findings raise several questions, including: does the consistency of human memory generalize across different contexts? How might extrinsic effects such as context and observer differences affect image memorability?
We report that human consistency in remembering and forgetting images holds at a within-category level, and extrinsic effects predictably affect whether an image will be later remembered or forgotten. We consider the effects of the context in which images are seen and the observer’s eye movement patterns on a trial-by-trial basis.
Images that stand out from their context are better remembered, a phenomenon supported by decades of memory research. We modeled this distinctiveness using an information-theoretic approach, which measures how unique an image is within a particular context. Our model uses deep learning features from convolutional neural networks to capture both visual and semantic aspects of images, providing a robust measure of image distinctiveness.
Additionally, we investigated how observer behavior influences memorability. Eye tracking data reveals that specific patterns of eye movements can predict whether an image will be remembered. When an observer’s gaze patterns align with the most informative regions of an image, the likelihood of remembering that image increases. This finding suggests that guiding an observer’s attention to key areas of an image can enhance memorability.
In conclusion, image memorability is shaped by a combination of intrinsic properties, such as visual distinctiveness, and extrinsic factors, such as contextual uniqueness and observer behavior. By integrating these aspects, our research provides a comprehensive understanding of what makes images memorable, with potential applications in education, marketing, and user interface design.
Questions:
- What is the main focus of the passage?
- (A) The history of computer vision
- (B) The study of image memorability
- (C) The effects of observer behavior on learning
- (D) The development of new photographic techniques
- According to the passage, what does image distinctiveness depend on?
- (A) The number of colors in an image
- (B) The context in which an image is seen
- (C) The size of the image
- (D) The type of camera used to take the image
- Which of the following is considered an intrinsic factor affecting image memorability?
- (A) Observer behavior
- (B) Image context
- (C) Visual distinctiveness
- (D) Memorability scores
- The author mentions eye movement patterns in order to explain:
- (A) How extrinsic factors can be controlled
- (B) Why some images are less memorable than others
- (C) The role of observer behavior in memorability
- (D) The importance of intrinsic image properties
- What can be inferred about images with high distinctiveness within their context?
- (A) They are less likely to be remembered.
- (B) They do not require special features to stand out.
- (C) They are typically less colorful.
- (D) They are more likely to be remembered.
- Why does the author discuss the use of deep learning features?
- (A) To show how neural networks can create images
- (B) To explain a method for measuring image distinctiveness
- (C) To criticize the limitations of traditional photography
- (D) To highlight the importance of computer science in psychology
- The word “distinctiveness” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
- (A) Clarity
- (B) Uniqueness
- (C) Familiarity
- (D) Frequency
- Where would the following sentence best fit in the passage?
- “This model helps predict which images will stand out and be more memorable based on their features.”
- (A) After the first sentence of paragraph 1
- (B) After the last sentence of paragraph 1
- (C) After the second sentence of paragraph 2
- (D) After the last sentence of the passage
- What is the purpose of the information-theoretic model mentioned in the passage?
- (A) To replace human memory
- (B) To automatically enhance image quality
- (C) To predict changes in image memorability
- (D) To design better computer vision algorithms
- Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that influences image memorability?
- (A) Observer behavior
- (B) Image color
- (C) Image context
- (D) Visual distinctiveness
Answers with Explanations
- Answer: (B) The study of image memorability
- Explanation: The passage mainly discusses research on image memorability, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence whether an image is remembered or forgotten. It does not focus on the history of computer vision, specific photographic techniques, or the general effects of observer behavior on learning.
- Answer: (B) The context in which an image is seen
- Explanation: The passage highlights that image distinctiveness, which affects memorability, depends on the context in which the image is viewed. This context-based uniqueness is crucial for determining how well an image will be remembered.
- Answer: (C) Visual distinctiveness
- Explanation: Visual distinctiveness is considered an intrinsic factor because it is an inherent property of the image itself. In contrast, observer behavior and image context are extrinsic factors that can change depending on external circumstances.
- Answer: (C) The role of observer behavior in memorability
- Explanation: Eye movement patterns are mentioned to illustrate how observer behavior can influence memorability. The passage explains that where an observer looks can predict whether an image will be remembered, demonstrating the impact of extrinsic factors on memory.
- Answer: (D) They are more likely to be remembered.
- Explanation: The passage states that images that stand out from their context are better remembered. This implies that images with high distinctiveness within their context have a higher likelihood of being remembered.
- Answer: (B) To explain a method for measuring image distinctiveness
- Explanation: The use of deep learning features is discussed in the context of measuring image distinctiveness. The passage describes how these features capture visual and semantic aspects, which helps in predicting the memorability of images.
- Answer: (B) Uniqueness
- Explanation: The word “distinctiveness” is used in the passage to describe how unique or different an image is compared to others in its context. This uniqueness makes the image more memorable.
- Answer: (C) After the second sentence of paragraph 2
- Explanation: The suggested sentence fits best after the second sentence of paragraph 2, which introduces the information-theoretic model. The sentence provides additional information on how this model predicts memorability based on image features.
- Answer: (C) To predict changes in image memorability
- Explanation: The purpose of the information-theoretic model, as described in the passage, is to predict how changes in context affect the memorability of images. It uses the distinctiveness of images to make these predictions.
- Answer: (B) Image color
- Explanation: The passage does not mention image color as a factor influencing memorability. Instead, it focuses on observer behavior, image context, and visual distinctiveness as the main factors.
References
Bylinskii, Z., Isola, P., Bainbridge, C., Torralba, A., & Oliva, A. (2015). Intrinsic and extrinsic effects on image memorability. Vision Research, 116, 165-178.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698915000930
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